Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation Essay

REDD+ leads to increase in both carbon storage and forest conservation. REDD+ mitigation measure includes REDD, plus conservation of forest carbon stocks, sustainable management of forest, and enhancement of forest carbon stock. REDD+ with carbon enhancement objective may increase conversion of bio-diverse natural ecosystem to monoculture with quick species growth. In addition, increase in afforestation and reforestation will be common by replacing high biodiversity non-forest ecosystem (Swan and McNelly, 2011). Conservation of forest in REDD+ area can lead to displacement (leakage) of deforestation and degradation to other non-REDD+ site. For example, in Indonesia, targeting carbon dense peat land forest will increase pressure to†¦show more content†¦The restriction to the local people for the use of forest products and timber logging can increase the demand for these products and market value. The control of the deforestation and degradation in REDD+ site increases the agricultural land crisis and demand for the land. Studies indicate that cross-border leakage is a major problem in many areas. In Vietnam between 1987 and 2006, about 39% of the forest cover was recovered, which was balanced by the forest loss in the neighboring countries including Lao PDR, Cambodia, and Indonesia (Barlow, et. al., 2012). The conservation or restoration project in the REDD+ areas without considering the immediate or underlying causes of forest loss can be more prone to leakage (Miles and Dickson, 20 10) causing deforestation elsewhere to meet the demand for agricultural products and forest needs (Barlow, et. al., 2012). In the current management system in Nepal, community forestry (CF) is one of the effective mechanisms to reduce deforestation and increase greenery in the country, but there is uncertainty to what extent CF supports biodiversity conservation (Acharya, 2003). Community forestry has contributed to improving and diversifying livelihoods by mobilizing locally available natural forest. As per the Forest Act (1993), community forest user groups (CFUGs) retain 100% of revenues generated and 25% are used in forest developmentShow MoreRelatedReducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation1316 Words   |  5 PagesReducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) Program – Equity and Effectiveness Introduction Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) is a program that, like its name suggests, has the main objective of reducing the emission levels of green-house gases from land uses, through incentives in developing countries. The program includes measures related to conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forests carbon stocks (UnitedRead MoreGlobal Warming Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesEstrada and Katrina, Brown. â€Å"Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries: Revisiting the Assumptions. Climatic Change, vol. 100, no. 3-4, 2012, pp. 355-388. Springer Nature, doi: 10.1007/s10584-009-9773-1. Accessed 25 June 2017. This article discusses the topic of climate change and goes into detail how deforestation is one of the major contributors to climate change. The article goes on to state how deforestation is overlooked when discussingRead MoreAnimal Production And Its Effect On The Climate Change979 Words   |  4 Pageslivestock on a global scale in order to prevent climate change. According to the FAO the Livestock sector acts as one of the top two most significant contributors to environmental problems, at every scale from local to global. Livestock on its own contributes to problems of land degradation, climate change, air pollution water shortage and water pollution and loss of biodiversity. The impact is so significant that it needs to be addressed urgently, major reductions of the problems related to livestockRead MoreDeforestation1213 Words   |  5 PagesCONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION In some cases, deforestation can be beneficial. Given the right mix of social needs, economic opportunities, and environmental conditions, it can be a rational conversion from one type of land use to a more productive one. The tragedy lies in the fact that most lands that have been deforested in recent decades are not suited for long-term farming or ranching and they quickly degrade once the forest has been cut and burnt. Unlike the fertile soils of temperate latitudesRead MoreThe UN Promoting Environmental Sustainability1733 Words   |  7 Pagesclimate change, for example sea levels rise. Next link it to the next few paragraphs by talking about different strategies used by the United Nations Environment Programme. 3. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (body paragraph): This paragraph will talk about reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation, giving examples of countries where this has been done, and some of the solution’s benefits, even those that have occurred to the mentioned countries. 4. Facilitating aRead MoreRainforests Have Been Declining Rapidly over the Last Few Decades. There Are Various Factors Responsible for This Decline, Resulting in Serious Impacts on the Environment and the Economy. Critically Discuss the Causes890 Words   |  4 Pagesthe environment and the economy. Critically discuss the causes of deforestation and solutions to it. Deforestation is the cutting down of a large area of trees and the destruction of forests by people. Forests are what we call an exhaustible resource, one which can be used up if it is not used carefully. Over the last few decades, deforestation has threatened the rainforests with total extinction. To understand why deforestation is such an important issue, you first have to understand why treesRead MoreHuman Activity Is Responsible For Global Climate Change900 Words   |  4 Pageshistory as a result of natural variations in solar radiation, volcanic eruptions and other factors. The atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases have increased because of human activities, primarily due to the combustion of fossil fuels, deforestation and agricultural practices. ‘’The weight of scientific evidence suggests that the observed changes in the earth’s climate are, at least in, due to human activities’’ (Kerr). Is primarily caused by human activities that started during the IndustrialRead MorePersuasive Speech On Global Warming1554 Words   |  7 Pagesmy audience to help reduce climate change and stop deforestation by buying wood products from certified companies that help forests. Thesis Statement/Central Idea: Climate change is big problem in our world and we are cause, because of our human-induced climate change we are causing extreme weather all around the world, one solution to this problem is stopping deforestation, and we can do that through strong government enforcement of deforestation laws. Introduction I. (Attention Getter) 2016 wasRead MoreGlobal Warming : Causes And Effects1453 Words   |  6 Pagesearth s average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate [11]. This report is going to discuss the many causes of global warming as well as the effects that come with it. It will also discuss ways to prevent global warming from happening. Causes of Global Warming Global warming is what happens when Carbon Dioxide (CO2) gets trapped in the atmosphere and does not get released into space like it should. Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas produced by burning carbonRead MoreReducing Global Warming Essay1522 Words   |  7 PagesReducing Global Warming Our planet, Earth, is surrounded by a shield of atmospheric gases consisting primarily of nitrogen and oxygen. The sun produces radiation which is most intense at short wavelengths. The atmosphere is almost transparent to this radiation and is absorbed by the earth’s surface. When the land and sea are warm they radiate the energy they have absorbed at a longer wavelength, some is reabsorbed and re-radiated back to earth by

Report on Therapeutic Cloning - 1109 Words

Argumentative Paper - Therapeutic Cloning A sheep named Dolly is the first thing to come to mind when the term cloning arises. Everyone remembers the hoopla or has read of the hoopla that surrounded the birth and survival of the first successfully cloned animal. This is because cloning, to some, is a questionable practice at best. In general terms, cloning is the replication of another animal. It is a process whereby an identical twin is created in a lab. However, cloning is not limited to replicating animals. After all, it starts with the simple replication of one cell. It is these cells that are used in therapeutic cloning. To many, this scientific process and its results is the stuff of sci-fi movies and quite frightening. To others, it is morally reprehensible and unethical if not downright illegal. Yet, to those who are gravely ill and grasping for life through the latest scientific methods to sustain their life or improve a life which has been made unbearable through disease or an accident, it is a miracle. Initially, it is important to understand the different types of cloning. They include DNA cloning, therapeutic cloning, and reproductive cloning. In laymans terms, DNA cloning is the replication of specific DNA fragments. Reproductive cloning is the creation of an exact replica of an organism (plant or animal). Therapeutic cloning is the process of replicating identical cells from an individual. Scientifically, DNA cloning is described by the Human GenomeShow MoreRelated Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Essay example1484 Words   |  6 PagesReproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Cloning is defined as the â€Å"creation of an exact copy of a living matter, such as a cell or organism† according to Encarta encyclopedia. The copies produced through cloning have identical genetic makeup and are known as clones. Scientists use cloning techniques in the laboratory to create copies of cells or organisms with valuable traits. Cloning is a controversial topic because new areas of science often raise questions about safety. Early experimentRead MoreCloning Pros And Cons Of Cloning1147 Words   |  5 Pages Cloning Pros Cons Nicole Hedrick Baker College HSC 402A /Dr. Eric Oestmann/Seminar Two Position/Argument Essayâ€Æ' Abstract A clone is where two organisms share the same exact DNA. These two organisms are the same identical replica of each other. In the past, cloning has taken place naturally. For instance, a couple who naturally conceived and gave birth to identical twins or triplets. Today, science and technology has been introduced to where cloning can intentionally be done. Some peopleRead MorePros And Cons Of Cloning909 Words   |  4 PagesFor quite some time, cloning has been a largely debated topic in society. Most people in the U.S. feel like cloning is morally wrong and takes innocent lives, but others think that it is beneficial and could be a big advancement in modern science. Cloning to produce humans has been outlawed in most countries, but in some, cloning for therapeutic reasons is still a dispute. Cloning can lead to revolutionary medical treatments such as cures for cancer, diabetes, Parkinsons, Alzheimers, MultipleRead More Cloning: What is the right thing to do? Essay1362 Words   |  6 Pages Multiple Source Essay Cloning: What is the Right thing to do? Cloning offers many applications, especially in medicine, however, in spite of the many advantages, many people still consider the idea of human cloning, and the practice of cloning all together to be immoral. This opinion is rarely based on a careful analysis of facts, often only a spontaneous reaction. Cloning technology has potential for doing much good, research in human cloning should continue, although some applications of itRead MoreEssay about To Clone or not to Clone:1703 Words   |  7 PagesHuman cloning is an extremely experimental and volatile area of scientific research with dubious and highly unethical results to date. Human cloning should not be performed by any means because it is highly likely it will create living beings not as they are intended to be produced. Rather, the results will be living beings which were created in an unnatural, man-directed way created by human choice. By acting this way, cloning gives people the power to play God. Human cloning generally has threeRead MoreThe Abortion Of Stem Cell Research1627 Words   |  7 Pagesa problem we are faced with in today’s society; the destruction of children for the use of stem cell research, the use of embryonic cells, and cloning. There are several laws that restrict, but don’t completely ban advancements on the use of aborted fetuses for stem cell research. Closely related to stem cell research from embryonic cells is human cloning, which is in most states is not governmentally funded or is illegal. Lives of innocent children that are yet to even have a voice are lost everyRead More Stem Cells Should Not Be Used Therapeutically Essays826 Words   |  4 Pagesfetuses for their stem cells. Scientists want to clone human embryos, and use the stem cells long before the embryo matures (when it is only about 36 cells). This causes a large amount of unease in society, because people fear that stem cells and therapeutic cloning will lead us into disgusting and horrible experimental practices, as well as therapies. Most people in America do not want this horrible vision of the future to come true, so they want all stem cell technology and research banned. PeopleRead MoreNuclear Transfer And Its Effect On The Body Of A Surrogate Mother1355 Words   |  6 Pagesseparated from the embryo mass, the cell is encased in its own protective synthetic layer. Each blastomere cell, is now considered a new separate embryo and is cultured in vitro and later in vivo in a surrogate mother until birth (Roberge, 2004). Cloning by nuclear transfer is based on the concept that the animal’s genome is located in the cell nucleus. The only exception to this is the small amount of DNA of 16, 000 base pairs found in the mitochondria. In this process the genetic material from oneRead More Embryonic vs. Adult Stem Cells in Research Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States Senate to outlaw human cloning (S.790). Indeed, the New York Times and Washington Post consider embryonic-stem-cell research so important - including the manufacture and use of human-clone embryos in such experiments - that both have repeatedly editorialized in favor of turning the throttle full-speed ahead on this immoral endeavor. Yet, when the potentially crucial discovery of an adult cell that could make embryonic destruction and therapeutic cloning unnecessary comes to light - andRead MoreEssay on Organ Donation1638 Words   |  7 Pages000 people waiting for an organ transplant. The demand for donation far exceeds the supply. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reports that the donor waiting list has doubled in the last 10years (Clemmons, 2009). Why then are we not doing more to solve this problem? There are some alternatives to donation. Alternatives include, Therapeutic Cloning, Xenotransplation, selling of organs, and atrificial organs in the future. Organ donation is the only legal way to procure an organ for transplant

Health Promotion on Copd free essay sample

This essay will be discussing the health promotion role of a nurse looking after a patient that has Chronic Obstuctive Pulmonary Disease(COPD) . The essay will focus on a 65 year old gentleman Mr Abraham who has been admitted into a general medical ward,with an acute exacerbation of COPD. Mr Abraham is well known to the ward as he is admitted regularly, the ward staff are aware of the fact that he continues to smoke and uses his inhalers incorrectly. World Health Organisation (WHO 2010) state Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible. Patient UK(2008) state an exacerbation of COPD can be defined as a sustained worsening of a patients symptoms from his/her usual stable state that is beyond normal day-to-day variations, and is acute in onset. Commonly reported symptoms are worsening breathlessness cough, increased sputum production and change in sputum colour. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Promotion on Copd or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The risk factors which can predispose a person to be more prone to acquiring COPD are cigarette and cigar smoking,exposure to inhaled pollutants ,recurrent respiratory tract infections ,Age Process ,Male Sex, Family history of COPD, Air pollution,  (ONeill ,2002). COPD can be brought on by many of these   factors but the majority of cases are brought on by smoking. Mr Abraham has continued smoking which has made his   COPD progress in its pace and he has recurrent exacerbations placing him in hospital . The nurse and Mr Abraham will need to explore ways which which will give Mr Abraham the health education to aid him in a bid to reduce /stop smoking . Mr Abraham is also not using his inhalers correctly and the nurse can show Mr Abraham   how   to use his inhalers correctly by teaching him how to use them this will help Mr Abrahams health and reduce the onset and severity of his exacerbations. The National Service framework (NSF) is a government policy used in the United Kingdom (UK). The NSF for long-term conditions was made to set national standards and identify key things that can be done for people with a particular long term condition and put in place strategies that support the implementation of these standards to ensure people have access to the care they are entitled too. NSFs try to cut down the amount of hospital stays people with long-term illnesses stay and for them to be able to manage their condition in the community. The NSF for long-term conditions is mainly written for people affected with neurological conditions but it has been used as a guideline for other long-term conditions such as COPD. (DOH 2009). The Department of Health (DOH) and The British Lung Foundation (BLF) are working together to create a NSF specifically for COPD this will be implemented as a national policy for the whole of England it will ensure everyone affected by COPD will have the same high standards of care regardless of were they live in the UK, this will also outline the minimum standards of treatment that people with COPD can expect to receive in their local area. BLF 2009) According to the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct (2008), nurses and midwives must protect and promote the health and well-being of patients in their care and also their families. They must work in an open and co-operative way with other members of the multi disciplinary team by encouraging the independence of patients and showing respect with regards with their involvement in the planning and delivery of care. The health professional will promote and respect the dignity of Mr Abraham and cater to his needs and concerns without discriminating against him because of his condition. The health professional will help Mr Abraham by gaining access to information from the internet and hospital leaflets   regarding COPD management so he can learn about how to decrease his COPD exacerbations. It is very important to play a key role in empowering Mr Abraham to cut down on how much he smokes in order for him to be able to manage his condition well, which will help him understand the value of health and understand some of the known complications of   COPD (NMC 2009). Prochaska and DiClemente(1984)   deals with intentional behavioural change and views change as a process rather than an event. The change process is characterised by six stages of change. These include the precontemplation,contemplation,preparation,action,maintenance and relapse which can occur at any stage in any part of the cycle. Relating to Mr Abraham scenario he is presumed to be in the precontemplation stage of the Procheska and Di-Clemente model (1984)The scenario set is he is well known to the ward he has been admitted   numerous times due to having exacerbations of COPD . Furthermore Mr Abraham is fully aware that smoking contributes and makes an impact on his health condition however there are no clear indications in him willing to take steps to quit smoking and he is also hesitant to consider the possibility of change. Before the model of change can begin, the nurse should develop a non-judgemental supportive therapeutic relationship with Mr Abraham which will enable   the nurse to know him better and see what his triggers are and what challenges he faces in his everyday life . The health professional should inform and empower him about health issues to improve his health. Before action the nurse should discuss with Mr Abraham his understanding of his condition, what support he would like and what his goals are and how much time he wants to get there . Mr Abraham needs to be given choices and empowered when given information regarding his health to enable him to become knowledgeable about his condition. The nurse should empower Mr Abraham to make decisions on his illness and discuss what actions Mr Abraham is willing to take to improve his quality of life. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (2009) code of conduct states that consent should be obtained from the patient as to whether they require your help and support. To help Mr Abraham progress through the stages of change model the health professional should encourage re-evaluation of Mr Abrahams current behaviour pattern and provide Mr Abraham with relevant information that would help him stop smoking. The contemplation phase The nurse will discuss the smoking cessation process and inform him of Nicotine Replacement Therapy products such as patches chewing gum ,nasal sprays . The nurse will explore with Mr Abraham the benefits of him quitting smoking would have on his health and his finances. Preparation Stage is were the the nurse can engage Mr Abraham in exercise which can allow Mr Abraham to set goals using the SMART objectives which are goals that are specific,measurable,achievable,reliable, and time framed. Mr Abraham and the nurse will discuss the triggers which lead him to smoke and discuss other things he enjoys which could replace a cigarette, Procheska and DiClemente model encourages change at a small amount at a time. For example Mr Abraham may be going through 8 cigarette a day the nurse and him could look at ways in which he could look to cutting back   by having one every 3hours . In time if Mr Abraham   could consider having one cigarette 4 hourly . The nurse could also address the question Mr Abraham had initially asked as to why he is repeatedly readmitted and explain to him that by him preparing to change his lifestyle reduce his smoking habit how that makes a huge impact to his health helping to reduce his number of re-admissions. The nurse will be able to assess Mr Abrahams inhaler technique and with his consent the nurse will refer him to a specialist respiratory nurse who would be able to teach him inhaler techniques . Written information such as leaflets will also be provided for Mr Abraham as a reminder of the key issues and techniques they would have discussed to help him change his behaviour. The next stage is the Action stage this is the stage in which Mr Abraham is expected to put words into action and beginning to practice the smart goals that would have been set in the preparation stage. This stage is in which the nurse will re-evaluate current behaviour , restructure cues. The health care professional will give Mr Abraham support, encouragement to reach his goals. Mr Abraham should attempt to start activities which he enjoys by doing so Mr Abraham will be reducing his stress levels and will be distracted from the urge to smoke. The following stage is maintenance stage this is when an individual is trying to maintain their new behavioural change and it can take up to several months to get to this stage. The nurse will discuss with Mr Abraham of what benefits he is feeling in himself and if he feels his health ,finances and social life have improved. Mr Abraham may experience some ethical dilemmas and influences at this stage this will determine if Mr Abraham will maintain his new attitude to changing and be able to maintain his situation until he gets complete control over his lifestyle. The relapse stage can occur at any part of the stages of change model and its when the patient can revert to old behaviour The nurse should explain relapse does not mean failure Mr Abraham can acknowledge this stage it would give him an opportunity to explore the challenges he is going through and analyse the goals he would have set himself as to whether the goals set were too big or he had not given himself enough time. According to Procheska et al (1992) a professional worker involved in the care of people affected by COPD will need to evaluate triggers for the patient relapsing,reassess motivation techniques,barriers affecting change and devise stronger coping strategies. Mr Abraham may encounter some barriers as he attempts to change his behaviour. These could be in his support network as in peers may not be very supportive of him trying to quit smoking . Mr Abraham may also have lack of education on his medication and may not see the importance of taking his inhalers to relieve his symptoms so the nurse will need to educate Mr Abraham about his medication and give him written information to go home with. The nurse should encourage and   empower Mr Abraham to take control of his health and make informed decisions on how he is going to change his lifestyle. In conclusion the essay topic has highlighted the importance of identifying people affected with COPD and the different needs of individuals affected . The NSF for long-term conditions is helpful by having set standards for all patients affected with a long-term condition in the UK. The essay has also highlighted the benefit a separate NSF would be required to aid patients suffering COPD and there to be governmental standards set in the care they would receive . The Procheska and Diclemente model of change was discussed and explored the way in which a patient can go from thinking about change to implementing change and then relapsing and going back a step change is a slow process and it requires   the patient to want to change. This essay was service user based as the patient was involved in their plan of care and it was a process of change.

Pets Review Essay Example

Pets Review Paper Essay on Pets I like to read interesting thoughts of famous people or looking for such ideas, reading books. I just love pets cute and fluffy chetyrehlapyh. So I was not surprised when a girlfriend gave me this book. Photos of animals there is really very good, from the ridiculous to cause the desire to cuddle and pat with a picture of cheerful and sad, active and lazy, charming and incredibly charming cats and dogs. They are so good that the story, as set out in the adjacent pages, it seems to me, should be much better. There are, of course, interesting. Among them: -Other this is one soul living in two bodies (Aristotle) ​​ Do not exist the way to happiness: happiness this is the way (U.Dayer) We will write a custom essay sample on Pets Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pets Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pets Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer -God created the cat to a person has had a tiger, which you can pet (Victor Hugo) -If you have a cat, you will not go back into the house and home (p .Braun) -You SPE dogs only drawback they believe people. (J. Elian. Finbert) -Love born in admiration, lives and dies in dapressii hysterical (Yu.Bucharsky) et al. But all interrupts the complete absence of at least some of the system. On some pages indicate the name of fashion model and briefly told about it, the other not a word is mentioned. Some pictures illustrate the statements undoubtedly, others do not have to do with them. Some aphorisms listed authors, some anonymous. But what most infuriated me until I read the book + watched because it is periodically repeated citations. It feels like the one who gave the book in print, so carried away photos of pets that do not even read the text. Personally, I have this book will take up only to admire the beauties chetyrehlapyh. Read Im something else. And I advise you the same thing.